ruby/NEWS.md

# NEWS for Ruby 4.1.0

This document is a list of user-visible feature changes
since the **4.0.0** release, except for bug fixes.

Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.

## Language changes

* `super` in a module method that was called via `super` from a refinement
  method now works correctly.
  [[Feature #22309]]

* `Module#clone` and `Module#dup` no longer rewrite the lexical scope of
  copied methods. Constants and class variables resolve through the
  original class, consistent with inheritance and mixins.
  [[Feature #21981]]

* `alias` and `Module#alias_method` in a module emit a deprecation warning
  when the original method is not a method of the module or its ancestors
  and is only found through the fallback to `Object`. The fallback will be
  removed in Ruby 4.3, and such an alias will raise a `NameError`.
  [[Bug #22276]]

* `alias` and `Module#alias_method` emit a deprecation warning when the
  original method is defined in a prepended module. This behavior will
  be removed in Ruby 4.3, and alias lookup will start at the origin
  class (after prepended modules).
  [[Bug #22273]]

## Core classes updates

Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.

* C API

    * `RB_NOGVL_PENDING_INTR_FAIL` is added as a flag for `rb_nogvl`.
      `rb_nogvl` does not enter the blocking region (and does not call the
      given function), returning `0`, if the current thread has pending
      interrupts, including interrupts masked by `Thread.handle_interrupt`.
      As with the existing skip path, `errno` is `0` because the function was
      never called.
    * `RHASH_TBL` is deprecated.  [[Feature #22232]]

* Array

    * `Array#pack` accepts new formats `R` and `r` for unsigned and signed
      LEB128 encoded integers. [[Feature #21785]]
    * `Array#pack` accepts new formats `x!` and `@!` to align the current
      offset to a byte boundary or to the ABI alignment of another
      directive. [[Feature #22185]]

* Dir

    * `Dir.glob` supports `***/` for recursive matching that follows
      directory symbolic links, stopping at links to ancestor directories.
      [[Feature #17548]]

* ENV

    * `ENV.fetch_values` is added. It returns an array of values for the
      given names, raising `KeyError` for missing names unless a block is
      given. [[Feature #21781]]

* Fiber::Scheduler

    * The `fiber_interrupt` hook is now required. Schedulers which do not
      implement it can no longer be installed with `Fiber.set_scheduler`.

* GC

    * `GC.stat` accepts a `process:` keyword. `GC.stat` and
      `GC.stat(process: false)` report the current Ractor's object space.
      With the default collector, `GC.stat(process: true)` reports cumulative
      collection counts and measured marking/sweeping CPU time across Ractors,
      including history from destroyed object spaces, without requesting a
      stop-the-world snapshot. It also reports the `:page_pool_arenas`,
      `:page_pool_arenas_freed`, `:page_pool_total_pages` and
      `:page_pool_discarded_pages` keys, which the Ractor data does not
      include. `GC.count` and `GC.total_time` retain their current-Ractor
      behavior.
    * `GC.stat` reports a new key, `:global_gc_count`: the number of
      stop-the-world global garbage collection cycles that collected the
      current Ractor's heap, whichever Ractor started them. The new key
      `:global_gc_invocation_count` reports the global collections that the
      current Ractor started. `GC.stat(:global_gc_count, process: true)`
      reports the number of global collections in the process, including
      those started by terminated Ractors.
    * A global garbage collection is not counted in `:major_gc_count`.
      `:count` equals `:minor_gc_count` plus `:major_gc_count` plus
      `:global_gc_count` in both the Ractor and the process data. In the
      process data each global collection counts once. When another Ractor's
      object space exists, including one left by a terminated Ractor that is
      not yet absorbed, or one was absorbed since the last global collection,
      `GC.start` runs a global collection by default, so it increments
      `:global_gc_count` rather than `:major_gc_count`; pass `global: false`
      for a local major collection.
    * Global compaction no longer counts overlapping CPU intervals in scalar GC
      timing statistics. Profiler wall-time intervals are unchanged.

* Hash

    * `Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash?` and `Hash.ruby2_keywords_hash` are
      deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 4.5. [[Feature #22205]]

* Integer

    * `Integer#bit_count` is added. It returns the number of `1` bits in the
      binary representation of a non-negative integer (its population count).
      [[Feature #20163]]

* IO::Buffer

    * `read`, `write`, `pread`, and `pwrite` now perform one IO operation using
      `(offset, length)`, where `length` is the maximum transfer size. Short
      transfers are returned directly.

    * The corresponding fiber scheduler hooks are no longer experimental and
      now use the same `(offset, length)` argument order and single-operation
      semantics.

* Kernel

    * `Kernel#autoload_relative` and `Module#autoload_relative` are added.
      These methods work like `autoload`, but resolve the file path relative
      to the file where the method is called, similar to `require_relative`.
      This makes it easier to autoload constants from files in the same
      directory without hardcoding absolute paths or manipulating `$LOAD_PATH`.
      [[Feature #15330]]

* MatchData

    * `MatchData#integer_at` is added.  It converts the matched substring to
      integer and return the result.  [[Feature #21932]]

* Module

    * `Module#descendants` is added.  It returns an array of classes and
      modules that have the receiver in their ancestors.  [[Feature #9779]]
    * `Module#ruby2_keywords` and top-level `ruby2_keywords` are
      deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 4.4.  [[Feature #22205]]
    * `Module#method_defined?` now accepts a third optional argument to also
      match private methods.  [[Feature #22297]]

* ObjectSpace

    * `ObjectSpace._id2ref` was removed.  [[Feature #22135]]

* Proc

    * `Proc#refined` is added. It returns a new `Proc` that behaves like the
      receiver but with the refinements activated by the given modules
      in effect inside its body, without affecting the original `Proc`.
      [[Feature #22097]]
    * `Proc#ruby2_keywords` is deprecated and will be removed in Ruby 4.4.
      [[Feature #22205]]

* Ractor

    * `Ractor::Port#receive`, `Ractor.receive` and `Ractor.select` accept a
      `timeout:` keyword argument (in seconds) and return `nil` once it passes.
      `timeout: 0` never blocks: it takes a message if one is already queued
      and returns `nil` otherwise.  [[Feature #22255]]

    * `Ractor#alive?` is added. It returns `false` once the ractor has
      terminated. [[Feature #22441]]

* Range

    * `Range#clamp` is added. It returns a new `Range` instance whose
      begin and end values are clamped to the given bounds. [[Feature #22175]]

* Regexp

    * All instances of `Regexp` are now frozen, not just literals.
      Subclasses of `Regexp` are not frozen for compatibility.
      [[Feature #8948]]

* Set

    * A deprecated behavior, `Set#to_set`, `Range#to_set`, and
      `Enumerable#to_set` accepting arguments, was removed.  [[Feature #21390]]

* String

    * `String#unpack` and `String#unpack1` accept new formats `R` and `r`
      for unsigned and signed LEB128 encoded integers. [[Feature #21785]]
    * `String#unpack` and `String#unpack1` accept a new format `^` that
      returns the current offset.  Useful when combined with variable
      width formats like LEB128. [[Feature #21796]]
    * `String#unpack` and `String#unpack1` accept new formats `x!` and
      `@!` to align the current offset to a byte boundary or to the ABI
      alignment of another directive. [[Feature #22185]]
    * Basic bit operations are added. `String#bit_get`, `String#bit_set?`,
      `String#bit_set`, `String#bit_clear`, `String#bit_flip` and
      `String#bit_count` handle individual bits, and `String#bitwise_not`,
      `String#bitwise_and`, `String#bitwise_or`, `String#bitwise_xor`
      (with their `!` variants) handle whole strings. [[Feature #22118]]
    * `String#tr` now accept a Hash for multi-character replacement.
      [[Feature #22238]]

* Symbol

    * `Symbol#to_s` now returns a frozen string. [[Feature #22137]]

* Thread

    * Assigning `nil` with `Thread#thread_variable_set` now deletes the
      thread-local variable. [[Feature #19333]]

* Thread::Backtrace::Location

    * `Thread::Backtrace::Location#source_range` is added. It returns a
      `Ruby::SourceRange` for the Ruby expression associated with the frame.

## Stdlib updates

* Psych

    * An experimental libfyaml backend has been added.  It is only
      enabled when psych is built with `--enable-libfyaml`, and the
      default libyaml backend remains unchanged otherwise.  It is not
      supported on Windows.  [[GH-psych #805]]

* Ruby::Prism

    * `Ruby::Prism` is added.  It is the prism parser built into the
      interpreter, i.e., the very parser that parsed the running program,
      independent of the prism gem.  It is autoloaded.
      `Method#syntax_tree` and others return its nodes.  Its API may change
      between Ruby minor versions; use the `prism` gem unless you need the
      parser of the running interpreter.  [[Bug #22379]]

### The following bundled gems are added.


We only list stdlib changes that are notable feature changes.

Other changes are listed in the following sections. We also listed release
history from the previous bundled version that is Ruby 3.4.0 if it has GitHub
releases.

### The following bundled gems are promoted from default gems.

* prism 1.9.0
  * 1.7.0 to [v1.8.0][prism-v1.8.0], [v1.8.1][prism-v1.8.1], [v1.9.0][prism-v1.9.0]
* tsort 0.2.0
* win32-registry 0.1.2

### The following bundled gems are removed.

* net-ftp 0.3.9
* net-pop 0.1.2

They are still available on rubygems.org and can be installed with
`gem install`.  [[Feature #21835]]

### The following default gem is added.

### The following default gems are updated.

* RubyGems 4.1.0.beta3
  * 4.0.3 to [v4.0.4][RubyGems-v4.0.4], [v4.0.5][RubyGems-v4.0.5], [v4.0.6][RubyGems-v4.0.6], [v4.0.7][RubyGems-v4.0.7], [v4.0.8][RubyGems-v4.0.8], [v4.0.9][RubyGems-v4.0.9], [v4.0.10][RubyGems-v4.0.10], [v4.0.11][RubyGems-v4.0.11], [v4.0.12][RubyGems-v4.0.12], [v4.0.13][RubyGems-v4.0.13], [v4.0.14][RubyGems-v4.0.14], [v4.0.15][RubyGems-v4.0.15], [v4.0.16][RubyGems-v4.0.16], [v4.0.17][RubyGems-v4.0.17], [v4.0.18][RubyGems-v4.0.18], [v4.0.19][RubyGems-v4.0.19], [v4.0.20][RubyGems-v4.0.20], [v4.0.21][RubyGems-v4.0.21], [v4.0.22][RubyGems-v4.0.22], [v4.0.23][RubyGems-v4.0.23], [v4.1.0.beta1][RubyGems-v4.1.0.beta1], [v4.1.0.beta2][RubyGems-v4.1.0.beta2]
* bundler 4.1.0.beta3
  * 4.0.3 to [v4.0.4][bundler-v4.0.4], [v4.0.5][bundler-v4.0.5], [v4.0.6][bundler-v4.0.6], [v4.0.7][bundler-v4.0.7], [v4.0.8][bundler-v4.0.8], [v4.0.9][bundler-v4.0.9], [v4.0.10][bundler-v4.0.10], [v4.0.11][bundler-v4.0.11], [v4.0.12][bundler-v4.0.12], [v4.0.13][bundler-v4.0.13], [v4.0.14][bundler-v4.0.14], [v4.0.15][bundler-v4.0.15], [v4.0.16][bundler-v4.0.16], [v4.0.17][bundler-v4.0.17]
* date 3.6.0
  * 3.5.1 to [v3.6.0][date-v3.6.0]
* delegate 0.7.0
  * 0.6.1 to [v0.7.0][delegate-v0.7.0]
* digest 3.3.0
  * 3.2.1 to [v3.3.0][digest-v3.3.0]
* erb 6.1.0
  * 6.0.1 to [v6.0.1.1][erb-v6.0.1.1], [v6.0.2][erb-v6.0.2], [v6.0.3][erb-v6.0.3], [v6.0.4][erb-v6.0.4], [v6.0.5][erb-v6.0.5], [v6.0.6][erb-v6.0.6], [v6.0.7][erb-v6.0.7]
* error_highlight 0.7.2
* etc 1.5.0
  * 1.4.6 to [v1.5.0][etc-v1.5.0]
* fileutils 1.8.1
  * 1.8.0 to [v1.8.1][fileutils-v1.8.1]
* io-console 0.9.4
  * 0.8.2 to [v0.9.0][io-console-v0.9.0], [v0.9.1][io-console-v0.9.1], [v0.9.2][io-console-v0.9.2], [v0.9.3][io-console-v0.9.3], [v0.9.4][io-console-v0.9.4]
* io-wait 999.999.999
* ipaddr 1.3.0
  * 1.2.8 to [v1.2.9][ipaddr-v1.2.9], [v1.3.0][ipaddr-v1.3.0]
* json 3.1.0
  * 2.18.0 to [v2.18.1][json-v2.18.1], [v2.19.0][json-v2.19.0], [v2.19.1][json-v2.19.1], [v2.19.2][json-v2.19.2], [v2.19.3][json-v2.19.3], [v2.19.4][json-v2.19.4], [v2.19.5][json-v2.19.5], [v2.19.6][json-v2.19.6], [v2.19.7][json-v2.19.7], [v2.19.8][json-v2.19.8], [v2.19.9][json-v2.19.9], [v2.20.0][json-v2.20.0], [v2.21.0][json-v2.21.0], [v2.21.2][json-v2.21.2], [v3.0.0.rc1][json-v3.0.0.rc1], [v3.0.0][json-v3.0.0]
* net-http 0.10.0
  * 0.9.1 to [v0.10.0][net-http-v0.10.0]
* net-protocol 0.4.0
  * 0.2.2 to [v0.3.0][net-protocol-v0.3.0], [v0.4.0][net-protocol-v0.4.0]
* open3 0.3.0
  * 0.2.1 to [v0.3.0][open3-v0.3.0]
* openssl 4.0.2
  * 4.0.0 to [v4.0.1][openssl-v4.0.1], [v4.0.2][openssl-v4.0.2]
* pp 0.6.4
  * 0.6.3 to [v0.6.4][pp-v0.6.4]
* prettyprint 0.2.1
  * 0.2.0 to [v0.2.1][prettyprint-v0.2.1]
* psych 5.5.0
  * 5.3.1 to [v5.4.0][psych-v5.4.0], [v5.5.0][psych-v5.5.0]
* resolv 0.8.1
  * 0.7.0 to [v0.7.1][resolv-v0.7.1], [v0.7.2][resolv-v0.7.2], [v0.8.0][resolv-v0.8.0], [v0.8.1][resolv-v0.8.1]
* stringio 3.2.1.dev
* strscan 3.1.9.dev
  * 3.1.6 to [v3.1.7][strscan-v3.1.7], [v3.1.8][strscan-v3.1.8]
* syntax_suggest 3.0.0
* tempfile 0.3.2
  * 0.3.1 to [v0.3.2][tempfile-v0.3.2]
* time 0.5.0
  * 0.4.2 to [v0.5.0][time-v0.5.0]
* timeout 0.6.1
  * 0.6.0 to [v0.6.1][timeout-v0.6.1]
* tmpdir 0.3.2
  * 0.3.1 to [v0.3.2][tmpdir-v0.3.2]
* uri 1.1.2
  * 1.1.1 to [v1.1.2][uri-v1.1.2]
* zlib 3.2.4
  * 3.2.2 to [v3.2.3][zlib-v3.2.3], [v3.2.4][zlib-v3.2.4]

### The following bundled gems are updated.

* minitest 6.0.6
* power_assert 3.1.0
  * 3.0.1 to [v3.1.0][power_assert-v3.1.0]
* rake 13.4.2
  * 13.3.1 to [v13.4.0][rake-v13.4.0], [v13.4.1][rake-v13.4.1], [v13.4.2][rake-v13.4.2]
* test-unit 3.7.8
  * 3.7.5 to [3.7.6][test-unit-3.7.6], [3.7.7][test-unit-3.7.7], [3.7.8][test-unit-3.7.8]
* rss 0.3.3
  * 0.3.2 to [0.3.3][rss-0.3.3]
* net-imap 0.6.8
  * 0.6.2 to [v0.6.3][net-imap-v0.6.3], [v0.6.4][net-imap-v0.6.4], [v0.6.4.1][net-imap-v0.6.4.1], [v0.6.5][net-imap-v0.6.5], [v0.6.6][net-imap-v0.6.6], [v0.6.7][net-imap-v0.6.7], [v0.6.8][net-imap-v0.6.8]
* net-smtp 0.5.2
  * 0.5.1 to [v0.5.2][net-smtp-v0.5.2]
* rbs 4.2.0
  * 3.10.0 to [v3.10.1][rbs-v3.10.1], [v3.10.2][rbs-v3.10.2], [v3.10.3][rbs-v3.10.3], [v3.10.4][rbs-v3.10.4], [v4.0.0.dev.1][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.1], [v4.0.0.dev.2][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.2], [v4.0.0.dev.3][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.3], [v4.0.0.dev.4][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.4], [v4.0.0.dev.5][rbs-v4.0.0.dev.5], [v4.0.0][rbs-v4.0.0], [v4.0.1.dev.1][rbs-v4.0.1.dev.1], [v4.0.1.dev.2][rbs-v4.0.1.dev.2], [v4.0.1][rbs-v4.0.1], [v4.0.2][rbs-v4.0.2], [v4.0.3][rbs-v4.0.3], [v4.1.0.pre.1][rbs-v4.1.0.pre.1], [v4.1.0.pre.2][rbs-v4.1.0.pre.2], [v4.1.0][rbs-v4.1.0], [v4.1.1.pre.1][rbs-v4.1.1.pre.1], [v4.1.1][rbs-v4.1.1], [v4.1.2][rbs-v4.1.2], [v4.1.3][rbs-v4.1.3], [v4.2.0.pre.1][rbs-v4.2.0.pre.1], [v4.2.0][rbs-v4.2.0]
* typeprof 0.33.2
* mutex_m 0.3.0
* bigdecimal 4.1.3
  * 4.0.1 to [v4.1.0][bigdecimal-v4.1.0], [v4.1.1][bigdecimal-v4.1.1], [v4.1.2][bigdecimal-v4.1.2], [v4.1.3][bigdecimal-v4.1.3]
* resolv-replace 0.2.0
  * 0.1.1 to [v0.2.0][resolv-replace-v0.2.0]
* nkf 0.3.0
  * 0.2.0 to [v0.3.0][nkf-v0.3.0]
* syslog 0.4.0
  * 0.3.0 to [v0.4.0][syslog-v0.4.0]
* csv 3.3.6
  * 3.3.5 to [v3.3.6][csv-v3.3.6]
* repl_type_completor 0.1.16
  * 0.1.12 to [v0.1.13][repl_type_completor-v0.1.13], [v0.1.14][repl_type_completor-v0.1.14], [v0.1.15][repl_type_completor-v0.1.15], [v0.1.16][repl_type_completor-v0.1.16]
* pstore 0.2.1
  * 0.2.0 to [v0.2.1][pstore-v0.2.1]
* rdoc 8.1.0
  * 7.0.3 to [v7.0.4][rdoc-v7.0.4], [v7.1.0][rdoc-v7.1.0], [v7.2.0][rdoc-v7.2.0], [v8.0.0][rdoc-v8.0.0], [v8.1.0][rdoc-v8.1.0]
* win32ole 1.9.3
  * 1.9.2 to [v1.9.3][win32ole-v1.9.3]
* irb 1.18.0
  * 1.16.0 to [v1.17.0][irb-v1.17.0], [v1.18.0][irb-v1.18.0]
* reline 0.7.0
  * 0.6.3 to [v0.7.0][reline-v0.7.0]

### RubyGems and Bundler

Ruby 4.0 bundled RubyGems and Bundler version 4. see the following links for details.

## Supported platforms

* Support code for the following platforms has been removed.  Their
  vendors or distributors have ended support, there is no environment to
  test Ruby on them, and none of them has a platform maintainer.

    * AmigaOS
    * AtheOS
    * BSD/OS (BSDi)
    * ESIX
    * EWS-UX (NEC EWS4800)
    * FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD with a.out binaries
    * GNU/kFreeBSD
    * GNU/kOpenSolaris
    * HI-UX/MPP
    * HP-UX on the HP 9000 Series 300
    * Interix (Windows Services for UNIX)
    * IRIX
    * MirOS BSD
    * NeXTSTEP, OpenStep and Rhapsody
    * OSF/1 (Tru64 UNIX)
    * QNX Neutrino
    * SunOS 4 (Solaris, i.e. SunOS 5, is unaffected)
    * System V Release 4
    * UNICOS/mp (Cray X1)
    * UX/PDS

* Support code for the following old versions has been removed.

    * Cygwin 1.3 and earlier
    * Solaris 9 and earlier
    * Linux 2.6.23 and earlier (RHEL 5)

* Windows 10 1703 or later no longer needs the `LongPathsEnabled` registry
  value to use paths longer than 260 characters.  This applies to any process
  running the interpreter, including a program which embeds libruby.  Each path
  component is still limited to 255 characters, and a child process still
  starts with the `MAX_PATH` limited current directory. [[Bug #18947]]

* On 64-bit Windows with MSVC (mswin), String, Array and MatchData can now be
  2GiB or longer.  Their lengths used to be `long`, which is 32 bits there.
  [[Feature #22400]]

* Building Ruby with MSVC now requires Visual Studio 2017 version 15.8
  (`_MSC_VER` 1915) or later.

* Ruby built with MSVC now requires Windows 10 version 1809 (build 17763)
  or Windows Server 2019 or later.  Earlier Windows 10 releases and Windows
  Server 2016 are no longer supported.

* Ruby on macOS now requires Mac OS X 10.6 or later.  Mac OS X 10.5 and
  PowerPC Macs are no longer supported.

## Compatibility issues

* A class or module can now be modified only by the Ractor which created it,
  its *owner*.  Defining, removing or undefining methods, `alias`, changing
  visibility, `include`/`prepend`, `Module#refine`, defining or removing
  constants, registering an `autoload`, writing the class's own instance
  variables and class variables, `Module#freeze` and
  `Module#set_temporary_name` raise `Ractor::IsolationError` in any other
  Ractor.  Reading is unchanged.  Everything defined at boot or by the main
  Ractor, `require`d libraries included, is owned by the main Ractor, so a
  non-main Ractor can no longer monkey-patch it; and since defining a constant
  in a foreign class is prohibited, it can not define a top-level class or
  module name either.  In exchange a Ractor has full use of the classes it
  creates itself, including unshareable constant, instance variable and class
  variable values, which not even the main Ractor could do before.  See
  doc/language/ractor.md. [[Feature #22226]]

* `Kernel#at_exit` and `END {}` now raise `Ractor::IsolationError` when called
  in a non-main Ractor.  Previously the registered handler ran in the main
  Ractor at process exit, which was confusing. [[Feature #22139]]

* `Ractor.make_shareable` now raises `Ractor::Error` for an `IO` object, and
  `Ractor.shareable?` returns `false` for it.  A frozen `IO` used to be
  shareable, but almost all of its methods raise `FrozenError` and it can
  still refer to unshareable objects through the members of `rb_io_t`.

* `Random.urandom` now raises `RangeError` for every size too large for a
  String, as `Random#bytes` does.  A size that still fit in an `unsigned long`
  used to raise `ArgumentError`. [[Feature #22400]]

* `Struct#[]` and `Struct#[]=` now raise `IndexError` for every out-of-range
  Integer index within the range of Array indices.  An index past the `int`
  range used to raise `RangeError`. [[Feature #22400]]

## Stdlib compatibility issues

* prism is now a bundled gem.  Under Bundler, `require "prism"` needs prism
  in the Gemfile.  Use `Ruby::Prism` for the parser of the running
  interpreter.  [[Bug #22379]]

* `Etc.getlogin` on Windows now returns the login name determined when the
  process starts, from the `USER` or `USERNAME` environment variable or
  `GetUserName()`.  It used to follow later changes to `ENV['USER']`.

* Socket

    * On Windows, a connection that is refused or unreachable now raises the
      matching `Errno` class as soon as Winsock reports it, instead of
      `Errno::ETIMEDOUT` once the whole `connect_timeout` has passed. Code
      rescuing `Errno::ETIMEDOUT` there has to rescue the real error instead.

    * On Windows, `BasicSocket#getsockopt(:SOCKET, :ERROR)` now reports an
      errno as it does on the other platforms, instead of the raw WinSock
      error code. Code comparing it with a `WSAE*` value has to compare it
      with the matching `Errno::*::Errno` instead.

    [[Bug #18661]]

## C API updates

### Embedded TypedData

* The `RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE` flag is now public and documented and can be used by C extensions.
  It allows allocating C structs directly into Ruby object slots, which reduces pointer chasing,
  and in some case memory usage.
  See the C extension documentation for details. [[Feature #21853]]

* Added new C23 inspired allocator functions, that takes the previous memory size.
  This allow the Ruby GC to better keep track of memory usage, improving its heuristics.
  It also improves the performance of system allocators that support C23 `free_sized`.

  However, it is important to note that passing an incorrect size to these function is undefined
  behavior and may result in crashes or memory leaks.

  - `ruby_xfree_sized(void *ptr, size_t size)`
  - `ruby_xrealloc_sized(void *ptr, size_t newsiz, size_t oldsiz)`
  - `ruby_xrealloc2_sized(void *ptr, size_t newelems, size_t newsiz, size_t oldelems)`

  [[Feature #21861]]

### Ractor-scoped GC address registration

* `rb_gc_register_address` and `rb_global_variable` now register the address
  with the calling Ractor, and only that Ractor's GC marks the stored object.

  Any Ractor may register an address, but the value stored through it must be a
  special constant, a shareable object, or an unshareable object owned by the
  registering Ractor. Storing another Ractor's unshareable object can result in
  the object being freed while the address still refers to it (use-after-free).

  If the address has process lifetime (a static VALUE), register it from the
  main Ractor or keep the stored values shareable.

  When the registering Ractor is joined with `Ractor#value`, remaining
  registrations move to the joining Ractor; otherwise they move to the main
  Ractor once the dead Ractor is collected.

  [[Feature #22277]]

### Type for lengths and indices

* `rb_len_t` and `rb_ulen_t` are added as the types of the lengths and indices
  of String, Array and MatchData, with `LEN2NUM`, `NUM2LEN`, `ULEN2NUM`,
  `rb_len2int`, `PRIdLEN` and its siblings, `RB_LEN_MAX`, `RB_LEN_MIN`,
  `RB_ULEN_MAX`, `SIZEOF_RB_LEN_T` and `HAVE_RB_LEN_T`.
  `RbConfig::SIZEOF["rb_len_t"]` gives its size to an extconf.rb.  They are
  `long`, except on 64-bit mswin, where they are 64 bits.  The C API that
  carries such lengths, such as `RSTRING_LEN` and `rb_range_beg_len`, uses
  them.
  [[Feature #22400]]

* On 64-bit mswin this changes the ABI, so extensions have to be rebuilt.  An
  extension that passes a `long *` to an output parameter such as
  `rb_range_beg_len` no longer compiles there, and one that keeps a length in
  `long` truncates it at 2GiB.  Keep such lengths in `rb_len_t`, or convert
  them with `rb_len2long`.  An extension that also supports older versions can
  check `HAVE_RB_LEN_T` and fall back to `typedef long rb_len_t`.
  [[Feature #22400]]

* On mswin, extensions are now built with incompatible pointer types
  (warning C4133) as errors.  Besides a `long *` passed where an
  `rb_len_t *` is expected, this rejects any other mismatched pointer that
  used to compile with a warning.
  [[Feature #22400]]

* `rb_len2long` is added to convert an `rb_len_t` to `long`, raising
  `RangeError` via the new `rb_out_of_long` when it does not fit, for
  extensions that keep a length in `long`. [[Feature #22400]]

### Atomic operations

* `RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_LOAD` is added as the `size_t` counterpart of
  `RUBY_ATOMIC_LOAD`, alongside the existing `RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_ADD`,
  `RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_SUB`, `RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_CAS` and `RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_EXCHANGE`.

### Removed APIs

The following APIs, which have been deprecated for many years, are removed.
[[Feature #21768]]

* old postponed job functions,
* untyped data object type/functions,
* old APIs to allocate a data object,
* taintedness/trustedness enums/macros,
* `rb_gc_force_recycle` function,
* `rb_iterate` function,
* and some functions and constants for internal use.

## Implementation improvements

- The default garbage collector has been switched from a freelist allocator to a bump pointer allocator. [[PR #17201]]

- The error_highlight, did_you_mean, and syntax_suggest gems are now
  loaded lazily on the first error display instead of at interpreter
  boot, which reduces startup time.  `Process.warmup` loads them
  eagerly so that pre-forking servers keep their code in
  copy-on-write shared memory.  [[Feature #21951]]

### Ractor

A lot of work has gone into making Ractors more stable, performant, and usable. These improvements bring Ractor implementation closer to leaving experimental status.

* The default GC now runs **per Ractor**: each Ractor collects its own heap
  on its own thread without stopping the others, and a stop-the-world
  collection only runs when it is really needed (explicit full `GC.start`,
  shareable-object growth, reclaiming dead Ractors' heaps).  Allocation-heavy
  Ractor programs now scale like forked processes.

* `GC.start(global: false)` can be used when multiple Ractors are running to force
   a Ractor-local GC. By default, `GC.start` runs a global GC (all Ractors) like
   before. This can also be triggered with `GC.start(global: true)`. The `global`
   keyword argument has no effect when a single Ractor is running.

  Visible behavior changes:

  * `Ractor#value` returns the value only once; a second call raises
    `Ractor::Error`.
  * `GC.disable`/`GC.enable` act as per-Ractor holds on a process-wide
    switch: one Ractor's `GC.enable` no longer overrides another Ractor's
    `GC.disable`.
  * `ObjectSpace.each_object` enumerates the calling Ractor's own objects
    plus other Ractors' shareable objects (`ObjectSpace.dump_all` still
    covers everything).
  * `ObjectSpace.define_finalizer` on another Ractor's object raises
    `Ractor::IsolationError`.

* `Ractor#monitor` now sends an Array naming the Ractor and what happened to
  it, `[ractor, :exited]` or `[ractor, :aborted]`, where it used to send the
  bare Symbol `:exited` or `:aborted`.  Several Ractors can then report to one
  port and the receiver still knows which one finished.  The Array is built for
  the receiving Ractor, so watching many Ractors leaves no shareable objects
  behind.

      r = Ractor.new { :ok }
      r.monitor(port = Ractor::Port.new)
      port.receive #=> [r, :exited]

  One port can therefore watch a whole group, which is all a supervisor
  needs:

      workers.each { |r| r.monitor port }

      until workers.empty?
        r, status = port.receive
        workers.delete(r)
        workers << restart(r) if status == :aborted
      end

### M:N thread scheduler

* The scheduler scales with the number of waiters and of Ractors, where it
  used to walk a list or take one lock for all of them:

  * A timed wait sits in a hierarchical timer wheel rather than on a list
    sorted by deadline, which was inserted into by a linear scan.
  * An fd stays armed in the backend between waits, instead of being added
    before each wait and removed after each wake.
  * The io-wait bookkeeping is sharded by fd, rather than serialized on one
    lock across every fd.
  * A timed wait on an fd rides the scheduler instead of going to a blocking
    region, which cost a native thread handoff per wait.
  * A context switch, and leaving or rejoining the shared pool, no longer take
    the scheduler's global lock.

* The `RUBY_MN_THREADS` environment variable now runs from no M:N scheduling
  at all to all of it.  `-1` is new: a Ractor's threads have been M:N since
  the scheduler was added, with no way to turn that off.  `0` and `1` are
  unchanged.

  | | main thread | the main Ractor's other threads | a Ractor's threads |
  |---|---|---|---|
  | `-1` | 1:1 | 1:1 | 1:1 |
  | `0` or unset | 1:1 | 1:1 | M:N |
  | `1` | 1:1 | M:N | M:N |
  | `2` | M:N | M:N | M:N |

* `RUBY_MN_THREADS=2` is new.  The main thread is resumed like any other M:N
  thread rather than woken on a native thread of its own, which costs an order
  of magnitude more.  It pays off when the main thread drives the work, and
  does nothing for one that only starts other threads and waits.

  The main thread is then no longer bound to one OS thread, which is what the
  M:N scheduler already meant for every other thread:

  * A C extension that keeps state per OS thread has to call
    `rb_thread_lock_native_thread()`.
  * What must run on the process's initial thread does not work at all,
    pinning included: macOS AppKit and CFRunLoop, and hosts that embed Ruby
    and return into their own main loop.

* The OS thread name is no longer set from the Ruby thread for M:N threads:
  one native thread runs many of them over its life.  `Thread#name=` was
  already skipped for the same reason.

## JIT

### ZJIT

* Status
    * ZJIT is now faster than YJIT on many benchmarks, but we expect that
      ZJIT can be still slower than YJIT on larger benchmarks or applications
      as of Ruby 4.1.0 preview releases. Stay tuned for the Ruby 4.1.0 release.
* Major optimizations
    * Method inlining: small Ruby methods, including methods that yield to
      a block, are inlined into their callers, so that the optimizer can see
      across method boundaries.
    * Lightweight frames: method calls in JIT code no longer write a full
      VM control frame. Frame metadata used by backtraces and GC is
      materialized only when needed.
    * Optimization pass: a new linear scan register allocator, load-store
      optimization, more constant folding, and redundant guard elimination.
    * GC fastpath: allocation of objects is inlined into JIT code, skipping
      a call into the GC on the fast path.
* More Ruby code is compiled
    * Calls with blocks or `&block` arguments, `super`, splats, keyword
      arguments, `...` forwarding, and post-required parameters.
    * Specialized code for many core methods, e.g. `Float` arithmetic,
      `Array#[]`, `Array#length`, `Array#empty?`, `Integer#[]`,
      `String#byteslice`, `String#to_sym`, `Class#allocate`, and `new` on
      `Struct` classes.
    * Instance variable reads and shareable constants are now compiled
      while multiple Ractors are running.
* Command-line options
    * `--zjit-stats=FILE` writes stats as JSON when `FILE` ends with `.json`.
* Ruby API
    * `RubyVM::ZJIT.exit_locations` and `RubyVM::ZJIT.dump_exit_locations`
      are removed along with the Stackprof output of `--zjit-trace-exits`.

### YJIT

* YJIT now supports Windows (mswin) on x64 CPUs.  Configure with
  `win32\configure.bat --enable-yjit`, which requires `rustc` with the
  `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc` target.  Only the release build is supported,
  and MinGW is not.  [[Feature #18439]]
* Add `RubyVM::YJIT.max_compile_time_ns` and `RubyVM::YJIT.max_compile_time_ns=`
  to give YJIT a compilation time budget. When `RubyVM::YJIT.total_compile_time_ns`
  exceeds it, YJIT pauses compilation until the budget is raised, which
  spreads the warmup overhead over a longer period. [[Feature #22236]]

[Bug #18661]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18661
[Bug #18947]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18947
[Bug #22273]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22273
[Bug #22276]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22276
[Bug #22379]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22379
[Feature #8948]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/8948
[Feature #9779]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/9779
[Feature #15330]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15330
[Feature #17548]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17548
[Feature #18439]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18439
[Feature #20163]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20163
[Feature #21390]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21390
[Feature #21768]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21768
[Feature #21781]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21781
[Feature #21785]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21785
[Feature #21796]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21796
[Feature #21835]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21835
[Feature #21853]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21853
[Feature #21861]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21861
[Feature #21932]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21932
[Feature #21951]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21951
[Feature #21981]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21981
[Feature #22097]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22097
[Feature #22118]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22118
[Feature #22135]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22135
[Feature #22137]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22137
[Feature #22139]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22139
[Feature #22175]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22175
[Feature #22185]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22185
[Feature #22205]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22205
[Feature #22226]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22226
[Feature #22232]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22232
[Feature #22236]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22236
[Feature #22238]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22238
[Feature #22255]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22255
[Feature #22297]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22297
[Feature #22309]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22309
[Feature #22400]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22400
[Feature #22441]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/22441
[PR #17201]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/17201
[GH-psych #805]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/pull/805
[prism-v1.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.8.0
[prism-v1.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.8.1
[prism-v1.9.0]: https://github.com/ruby/prism/releases/tag/v1.9.0
[RubyGems-v4.0.4]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.4
[RubyGems-v4.0.5]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.5
[RubyGems-v4.0.6]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.6
[RubyGems-v4.0.7]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.7
[RubyGems-v4.0.8]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.8
[RubyGems-v4.0.9]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.9
[RubyGems-v4.0.10]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.10
[RubyGems-v4.0.11]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.11
[RubyGems-v4.0.12]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.12
[RubyGems-v4.0.13]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.13
[RubyGems-v4.0.14]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.14
[RubyGems-v4.0.15]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.15
[RubyGems-v4.0.16]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.16
[RubyGems-v4.0.17]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.17
[RubyGems-v4.0.18]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.18
[RubyGems-v4.0.19]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.19
[RubyGems-v4.0.20]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.20
[RubyGems-v4.0.21]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.21
[RubyGems-v4.0.22]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.22
[RubyGems-v4.0.23]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.0.23
[RubyGems-v4.1.0.beta1]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.1.0.beta1
[RubyGems-v4.1.0.beta2]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/v4.1.0.beta2
[bundler-v4.0.4]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.4
[bundler-v4.0.5]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.5
[bundler-v4.0.6]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.6
[bundler-v4.0.7]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.7
[bundler-v4.0.8]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.8
[bundler-v4.0.9]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.9
[bundler-v4.0.10]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.10
[bundler-v4.0.11]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.11
[bundler-v4.0.12]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.12
[bundler-v4.0.13]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.13
[bundler-v4.0.14]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.14
[bundler-v4.0.15]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.15
[bundler-v4.0.16]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.16
[bundler-v4.0.17]: https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/releases/tag/bundler-v4.0.17
[date-v3.6.0]: https://github.com/ruby/date/releases/tag/v3.6.0
[delegate-v0.7.0]: https://github.com/ruby/delegate/releases/tag/v0.7.0
[digest-v3.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/digest/releases/tag/v3.3.0
[erb-v6.0.1.1]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.1.1
[erb-v6.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.2
[erb-v6.0.3]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.3
[erb-v6.0.4]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.4
[erb-v6.0.5]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.5
[erb-v6.0.6]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.6
[erb-v6.0.7]: https://github.com/ruby/erb/releases/tag/v6.0.7
[etc-v1.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/etc/releases/tag/v1.5.0
[fileutils-v1.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/fileutils/releases/tag/v1.8.1
[io-console-v0.9.0]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.9.0
[io-console-v0.9.1]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.9.1
[io-console-v0.9.2]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.9.2
[io-console-v0.9.3]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.9.3
[io-console-v0.9.4]: https://github.com/ruby/io-console/releases/tag/v0.9.4
[ipaddr-v1.2.9]: https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr/releases/tag/v1.2.9
[ipaddr-v1.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/ipaddr/releases/tag/v1.3.0
[json-v2.18.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.18.1
[json-v2.19.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.0
[json-v2.19.1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.1
[json-v2.19.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.2
[json-v2.19.3]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.3
[json-v2.19.4]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.4
[json-v2.19.5]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.5
[json-v2.19.6]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.6
[json-v2.19.7]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.7
[json-v2.19.8]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.8
[json-v2.19.9]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.19.9
[json-v2.20.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.20.0
[json-v2.21.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.21.0
[json-v2.21.2]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v2.21.2
[json-v3.0.0.rc1]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v3.0.0.rc1
[json-v3.0.0]: https://github.com/ruby/json/releases/tag/v3.0.0
[net-http-v0.10.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-http/releases/tag/v0.10.0
[net-protocol-v0.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol/releases/tag/v0.3.0
[net-protocol-v0.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol/releases/tag/v0.4.0
[open3-v0.3.0]: https://github.com/ruby/open3/releases/tag/v0.3.0
[openssl-v4.0.1]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v4.0.1
[openssl-v4.0.2]: https://github.com/ruby/openssl/releases/tag/v4.0.2
[pp-v0.6.4]: https://github.com/ruby/pp/releases/tag/v0.6.4
[prettyprint-v0.2.1]: https://github.com/ruby/prettyprint/releases/tag/v0.2.1
[psych-v5.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.4.0
[psych-v5.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/psych/releases/tag/v5.5.0
[resolv-v0.7.1]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.7.1
[resolv-v0.7.2]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.7.2
[resolv-v0.8.0]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.8.0
[resolv-v0.8.1]: https://github.com/ruby/resolv/releases/tag/v0.8.1
[strscan-v3.1.7]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.7
[strscan-v3.1.8]: https://github.com/ruby/strscan/releases/tag/v3.1.8
[tempfile-v0.3.2]: https://github.com/ruby/tempfile/releases/tag/v0.3.2
[time-v0.5.0]: https://github.com/ruby/time/releases/tag/v0.5.0
[timeout-v0.6.1]: https://github.com/ruby/timeout/releases/tag/v0.6.1
[tmpdir-v0.3.2]: https://github.com/ruby/tmpdir/releases/tag/v0.3.2
[uri-v1.1.2]: https://github.com/ruby/uri/releases/tag/v1.1.2
[zlib-v3.2.3]: https://github.com/ruby/zlib/releases/tag/v3.2.3
[zlib-v3.2.4]: https://github.com/ruby/zlib/releases/tag/v3.2.4
[power_assert-v3.1.0]: https://github.com/ruby/power_assert/releases/tag/v3.1.0
[rake-v13.4.0]: https://github.com/ruby/rake/releases/tag/v13.4.0
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