[ruby/psych] Clamp io_reader copy to libyaml's buffer size

io_reader trusted IO#read to honour its size argument and copied
RSTRING_LEN(string) bytes into libyaml's fixed-capacity buffer. An
IO-like object whose #read over-returns wrote past the buffer end, a
heap out-of-bounds write reachable from Psych.load/safe_load/parse.
Clamp the copied length to the requested size.

https://github.com/ruby/psych/commit/99ecd94560

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

ext/psych/psych_parser.c

@@ -33,8 +33,15 @@ static int io_reader(void * data, unsigned char *buf, size_t size, size_t *read)
 
     if(! NIL_P(string)) {
         void * str = (void *)StringValuePtr(string);
-        *read = (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(string);
-        memcpy(buf, str, *read);
+        size_t len = (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(string);
+
+        /* IO#read(size) is documented to return at most `size` bytes, but a
+         * misbehaving IO-like object may return more. Clamp the copy to the
+         * buffer libyaml gave us to avoid writing past its end. */
+        if(len > size) len = size;
+
+        *read = len;
+        memcpy(buf, str, len);
     }
 
     return 1;

test/psych/test_parser.rb

@@ -198,6 +198,29 @@ module Psych
       assert_called :end_stream
     end
 
+    def test_parse_io_returns_more_bytes_than_requested
+      # An IO-like source whose #read returns more bytes than the size it was
+      # asked for must not overflow libyaml's read buffer.
+      io = Object.new
+      def io.external_encoding; Encoding::UTF_8 end
+      def io.read len
+        return nil if @done
+        @done = true
+        "--- a\n" + ("#" * (len + (1 << 20)))
+      end
+
+      # CRuby clamps the over-read and parses; JRuby's parser rejects the
+      # over-reading IO with an IOError. Either way there is no overflow.
+      begin
+        @parser.parse io
+      rescue IOError
+        return
+      end
+      assert_called :start_stream
+      assert_called :scalar
+      assert_called :end_stream
+    end
+
     def test_syntax_error
       assert_raise(Psych::SyntaxError) do
         @parser.parse("---\n\"foo\"\n\"bar\"\n")