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Georgi Gerganov
7879491cf4
* tests : make MoE router selection independent of the backend noise
The router scores are in the range [0, 1), so a random draw can leave the
last expert (or expert group) still selected and the first one dropped tied
within the noise between the backends. They then route a token to different
experts and the logits differ by 4e-3 instead of the usual 5e-7.
Beam is the only arch here with a real top-k (8 experts, 2 used) and a group
top-k (4 groups, 2 used), so it is the only one that hits this: 2 of 20 seeds
failed on an M2 Ultra, the other MoE archs select 2 of 2 and cannot tie.
Fill the selection bias with a ramp of step 2 to give every expert a score
range of its own, which turns the top-k into a function of the expert index
alone. The bias affects only the selection, the weights still come from the
unbiased probs, so the MoE output keeps its magnitude. Beam now matches the
CPU reference within 4e-7 for all of 160 seeds.
Assisted-by: pi:llama.cpp/ggml-org/Qwen3.8-Flash-Next-GGUF (MacBook, M5 Max, 128GB)
* tests : tell the CPU and the GPU of an Apple SoC apart in the device table
Both devices report the same description ("Apple M2 Ultra" here), so the
device column of the test table had two indistinguishable rows and a failing
row did not say whether the Metal device or the host CPU produced it.
Add the device name, which is also what -b takes, unless the description
already is the name.
Assisted-by: pi:llama.cpp/ggml-org/Qwen3.8-Flash-Next-GGUF (MacBook, M5 Max, 128GB)
llama.cpp
LLM inference in C/C++
ggml / ops / maintainer PRs / dev stats / lib llama API / llama-server REST API
Quick start
A few options to get llama.cpp installed on your machine:
# curl
curl -LsSf https://llama.app/install.sh | sh
# powershell
irm https://llama.app/install.ps1 | iex
- Visit https://llama.app and follow the instructions
- Run with Docker - see our Docker documentation
- Download pre-built binaries from the releases page
- Build from source by cloning this repository - check out our build guide
Once installed:
# Download and run a model directly from Hugging Face
llama cli -hf ggml-org/Qwen3.5-0.8B-GGUF
# Launch OpenAI-compatible API server
llama serve -hf ggml-org/Qwen3.5-0.8B-GGUF
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Description
The main goal of llama.cpp is to enable LLM (and VLM) inference with minimal setup and state-of-the-art performance on
a wide range of hardware - locally and in the cloud.
- Plain C/C++ implementation without any dependencies
- Apple silicon is a first-class citizen - optimized via ARM NEON, Accelerate and Metal frameworks
- AVX, AVX2, AVX512 and AMX support for x86 architectures
- RVV, ZVFH, ZFH, ZICBOP and ZIHINTPAUSE support for RISC-V architectures
- 1.5-bit, 2-bit, 3-bit, 4-bit, 5-bit, 6-bit, and 8-bit integer quantization for faster inference and reduced memory use
- Custom CUDA kernels for running LLMs on NVIDIA GPUs (support for AMD GPUs via HIP and Moore Threads GPUs via MUSA)
- Vulkan and SYCL backend support
- CPU+GPU hybrid inference to partially accelerate models larger than the total VRAM capacity
The llama.cpp project is build on top of the ggml library.
Supported backends
| Backend | Target devices |
|---|---|
| BLAS | All |
| BLIS | All |
| CANN | Ascend NPU |
| CUDA | Nvidia GPU |
| HIP | AMD GPU |
| Hexagon | Snapdragon |
| IBM zDNN | IBM Z & LinuxONE |
| MUSA | Moore Threads GPU |
| Metal | Apple Silicon |
| OpenCL | Adreno GPU |
| OpenVINO [In Progress] | Intel CPUs, GPUs, and NPUs |
| RPC | All |
| SYCL | Intel GPU |
| VirtGPU | VirtGPU APIR |
| Vulkan | GPU |
| WebGPU | All |
| ZenDNN | AMD CPU |
Documentation
Tools
Development
- How to build
- Running on Docker
- Build on Android
- Multi-GPU usage
- Performance troubleshooting
- GGML tips & tricks
- XCFramework
- Completions
- Models
- Release process
Contributing
- Contributors can open PRs
- Collaborators will be invited based on contributions
- Maintainers can push to branches in the
llama.cpprepo and merge PRs into themasterbranch - Any help with managing issues, PRs and projects is very appreciated!
- Read the CONTRIBUTING.md for more information
Acknowledgements
- yhirose/cpp-httplib - Single-header HTTP server, used by
llama-server- MIT license - nothings/stb - Single-header image format decoder, used by multimodal subsystem - Public domain
- nlohmann/json - Single-header JSON library, used by various tools/examples - MIT License
- mackron/miniaudio - Single-header audio format decoder, used by multimodal subsystem - Public domain
- sheredom/subprocess.h - Single-header process launching solution for C and C++ - Public domain