diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index 39208dab9..bc3d5bdc7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -177,8 +177,6 @@ class GeneralFloatCases(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(float("  25.e-1  "), 2.5)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(float("  .25e-1  "), .025)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_floatconversion(self):
         # Make sure that calls to __float__() work properly
         class Foo1(object):
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index e118ce77c..08f450323 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -454,8 +454,8 @@ mod math {
     fn ceil(x: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let result_or_err = try_magic_method(identifier!(vm, __ceil__), vm, &x);
         if result_or_err.is_err() {
-            if let Ok(Some(v)) = x.try_to_f64(vm) {
-                let v = try_f64_to_bigint(v.ceil(), vm)?;
+            if let Ok(Some(v)) = x.try_float_opt(vm) {
+                let v = try_f64_to_bigint(v.to_f64().ceil(), vm)?;
                 return Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(v).into());
             }
         }
@@ -466,8 +466,8 @@ mod math {
     fn floor(x: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let result_or_err = try_magic_method(identifier!(vm, __floor__), vm, &x);
         if result_or_err.is_err() {
-            if let Ok(Some(v)) = x.try_to_f64(vm) {
-                let v = try_f64_to_bigint(v.floor(), vm)?;
+            if let Ok(Some(v)) = x.try_float_opt(vm) {
+                let v = try_f64_to_bigint(v.to_f64().floor(), vm)?;
                 return Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(v).into());
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/buffer.rs b/vm/src/buffer.rs
index 046162fb1..f2e05e828 100644
--- a/vm/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/buffer.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{float, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
     common::{static_cell, str::wchar_t},
     convert::ToPyObject,
-    function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgIntoBool},
+    function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgIntoBool, ArgIntoFloat},
     PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use half::f16;
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ macro_rules! make_pack_float {
                 arg: PyObjectRef,
                 data: &mut [u8],
             ) -> PyResult<()> {
-                let f = float::try_float(&arg, vm)? as $T;
+                let f = *ArgIntoFloat::try_from_object(vm, arg)? as $T;
                 f.to_bits().pack_int::<E>(data);
                 Ok(())
             }
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ make_pack_float!(f64);
 
 impl Packable for f16 {
     fn pack<E: ByteOrder>(vm: &VirtualMachine, arg: PyObjectRef, data: &mut [u8]) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let f_64 = float::try_float(&arg, vm)?;
+        let f_64 = *ArgIntoFloat::try_from_object(vm, arg)?;
         let f_16 = f16::from_f64(f_64);
         if f_16.is_infinite() != f_64.is_infinite() {
             return Err(vm.new_overflow_error("float too large to pack with e format".to_owned()));
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index 2cfc84c7b..9e4f5af90 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
         if let Some(complex) = self.payload_if_subclass::<PyComplex>(vm) {
             return Ok(Some((complex.value, true)));
         }
-        if let Some(float) = self.try_to_f64(vm)? {
-            return Ok(Some((Complex64::new(float, 0.0), false)));
+        if let Some(float) = self.try_float_opt(vm)? {
+            return Ok(Some((Complex64::new(float.to_f64(), 0.0), false)));
         }
         Ok(None)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index 5453971cb..771292117 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+
 use super::{
     try_bigint_to_f64, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
 };
-use crate::common::{float_ops, hash};
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
-    convert::ToPyObject,
+    common::{float_ops, hash},
+    convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     format::FormatSpec,
     function::{
         ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg, OptionalOption,
         PyArithmeticValue::{self, *},
         PyComparisonValue,
     },
-    identifier,
-    types::{Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp},
+    protocol::{PyNumber, PyNumberMethods},
+    types::{AsNumber, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
@@ -58,32 +60,13 @@ impl From<f64> for PyFloat {
 }
 
 impl PyObject {
-    pub fn try_to_f64(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<f64>> {
-        if let Some(float) = self.payload_if_exact::<PyFloat>(vm) {
-            return Ok(Some(float.value));
-        }
-        if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(self.to_owned(), identifier!(vm, __float__)) {
-            let result = vm.invoke(&method?, ())?;
-            // TODO: returning strict subclasses of float in __float__ is deprecated
-            return match result.payload::<PyFloat>() {
-                Some(float_obj) => Ok(Some(float_obj.value)),
-                None => Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                    "__float__ returned non-float (type '{}')",
-                    result.class().name()
-                ))),
-            };
-        }
-        if let Some(r) = vm.to_index_opt(self.to_owned()).transpose()? {
-            return Ok(Some(try_bigint_to_f64(r.as_bigint(), vm)?));
-        }
-        Ok(None)
+    pub fn try_float_opt(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyRef<PyFloat>>> {
+        PyNumber::from(self).float_opt(vm)
     }
-}
 
-pub fn try_float(obj: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-    obj.try_to_f64(vm)?.ok_or_else(|| {
-        vm.new_type_error(format!("must be real number, not {}", obj.class().name()))
-    })
+    pub fn try_float(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<PyFloat>> {
+        PyNumber::from(self).float(vm)
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn to_op_float(obj: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<f64>> {
@@ -170,17 +153,10 @@ impl Constructor for PyFloat {
         let float_val = match arg {
             OptionalArg::Missing => 0.0,
             OptionalArg::Present(val) => {
-                let val = if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.float_type) {
-                    match val.downcast_exact::<PyFloat>(vm) {
-                        Ok(f) => return Ok(f.into()),
-                        Err(val) => val,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    val
-                };
-
-                if let Some(f) = val.try_to_f64(vm)? {
-                    f
+                if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.float_type) && val.class().is(PyFloat::class(vm)) {
+                    unsafe { val.downcast_unchecked::<PyFloat>().value }
+                } else if let Some(f) = val.try_float_opt(vm)? {
+                    f.value
                 } else {
                     float_from_string(val, vm)?
                 }
@@ -220,7 +196,7 @@ fn float_from_string(val: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
     })
 }
 
-#[pyimpl(flags(BASETYPE), with(Comparable, Hashable, Constructor))]
+#[pyimpl(flags(BASETYPE), with(Comparable, Hashable, Constructor, AsNumber))]
 impl PyFloat {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn format(&self, spec: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
@@ -562,6 +538,75 @@ impl Hashable for PyFloat {
     }
 }
 
+impl AsNumber for PyFloat {
+    fn as_number(_zelf: &crate::Py<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Cow<'static, PyNumberMethods> {
+        Cow::Borrowed(&Self::NUMBER_METHODS)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PyFloat {
+    fn np_general_op<F, R>(
+        number: &PyNumber,
+        other: &PyObject,
+        op: F,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(f64, f64, &VirtualMachine) -> R,
+        R: ToPyResult,
+    {
+        if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (to_op_float(number.obj, vm)?, to_op_float(other, vm)?) {
+            op(a, b, vm).to_pyresult(vm)
+        } else {
+            Ok(vm.ctx.not_implemented())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn np_float_op<F>(number: &PyNumber, other: &PyObject, op: F, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(f64, f64) -> f64,
+    {
+        Self::np_general_op(number, other, |a, b, _vm| op(a, b), vm)
+    }
+
+    fn np_float(number: &PyNumber, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyFloat> {
+        if let Some(zelf) = number.obj.downcast_ref_if_exact::<Self>(vm) {
+            zelf.to_owned()
+        } else {
+            vm.ctx.new_float(Self::number_downcast(number).value)
+        }
+    }
+
+    const NUMBER_METHODS: PyNumberMethods = PyNumberMethods {
+        add: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_float_op(number, other, |a, b| a + b, vm)),
+        subtract: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_float_op(number, other, |a, b| a - b, vm)),
+        multiply: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_float_op(number, other, |a, b| a * b, vm)),
+        remainder: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_mod, vm)),
+        divmod: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_divmod, vm)),
+        power: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, float_pow, vm)),
+        negative: Some(|number, vm| {
+            let value = Self::number_downcast(number).value;
+            (-value).to_pyresult(vm)
+        }),
+        positive: Some(|number, vm| Self::np_float(number, vm).to_pyresult(vm)),
+        absolute: Some(|number, vm| {
+            let value = Self::number_downcast(number).value;
+            value.abs().to_pyresult(vm)
+        }),
+        boolean: Some(|number, _vm| Ok(Self::number_downcast(number).value.is_zero())),
+        int: Some(|number, vm| {
+            let value = Self::number_downcast(number).value;
+            try_to_bigint(value, vm).map(|x| vm.ctx.new_int(x))
+        }),
+        float: Some(|number, vm| Ok(Self::np_float(number, vm))),
+        floor_divide: Some(|number, other, vm| {
+            Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_floordiv, vm)
+        }),
+        true_divide: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_div, vm)),
+        ..*PyNumberMethods::not_implemented()
+    };
+}
+
 // Retrieve inner float value:
 pub(crate) fn get_value(obj: &PyObject) -> f64 {
     obj.payload::<PyFloat>().unwrap().value
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index 524b6bc8b..c4baea3a2 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use crate::{
         ArgByteOrder, ArgIntoBool, OptionalArg, OptionalOption, PyArithmeticValue,
         PyComparisonValue,
     },
-    types::{Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp},
+    protocol::{PyNumber, PyNumberMethods},
+    types::{AsNumber, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
@@ -17,8 +18,8 @@ use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use num_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
 use num_integer::Integer;
 use num_traits::{One, Pow, PrimInt, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::{borrow::Cow, ops::Neg};
 
 /// int(x=0) -> integer
 /// int(x, base=10) -> integer
@@ -264,7 +265,6 @@ impl Constructor for PyInt {
                     val
                 };
 
-                // try_int(&val, vm)
                 PyNumber::from(val.as_ref())
                     .int(vm)
                     .map(|x| x.as_bigint().clone())
@@ -762,22 +762,25 @@ impl AsNumber for PyInt {
 }
 
 impl PyInt {
-    fn number_protocol_binop<F>(
-        number: &PyNumber,
-        other: &PyObject,
-        op: &str,
-        f: F,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult
+    fn np_general_op<F>(number: &PyNumber, other: &PyObject, op: F, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&BigInt, &BigInt, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult,
+    {
+        if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (number.obj.payload::<Self>(), other.payload::<Self>()) {
+            op(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
+        } else {
+            Ok(vm.ctx.not_implemented())
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn np_int_op<F>(number: &PyNumber, other: &PyObject, op: F, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult
     where
         F: FnOnce(&BigInt, &BigInt) -> BigInt,
     {
-        let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, op, vm)?;
-        let ret = f(&a.value, &b.value);
-        Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(ret).into())
+        Self::np_general_op(number, other, |a, b, _vm| op(a, b).to_pyresult(vm), vm)
     }
 
-    fn number_protocol_int(number: &PyNumber, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
+    fn np_int(number: &PyNumber, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyIntRef {
         if let Some(zelf) = number.obj.downcast_ref_if_exact::<Self>(vm) {
             zelf.to_owned()
         } else {
@@ -787,78 +790,43 @@ impl PyInt {
     }
 
     const NUMBER_METHODS: PyNumberMethods = PyNumberMethods {
-        add: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "+", |a, b| a + b, vm)
-        }),
-        subtract: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "-", |a, b| a - b, vm)
-        }),
-        multiply: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "*", |a, b| a * b, vm)
-        }),
-        remainder: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "%", vm)?;
-            inner_mod(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
-        }),
-        divmod: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "divmod()", vm)?;
-            inner_divmod(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
-        }),
-        power: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "** or pow()", vm)?;
-            inner_pow(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
-        }),
+        add: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a + b, vm)),
+        subtract: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a - b, vm)),
+        multiply: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a * b, vm)),
+        remainder: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_mod, vm)),
+        divmod: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_divmod, vm)),
+        power: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_pow, vm)),
         negative: Some(|number, vm| {
-            let zelf = Self::number_downcast(number);
-            Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(-&zelf.value).into())
-        }),
-        positive: Some(|number, vm| Ok(Self::number_protocol_int(number, vm).into())),
-        absolute: Some(|number, vm| {
-            let zelf = Self::number_downcast(number);
-            Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(zelf.value.abs()).into())
-        }),
-        boolean: Some(|number, _vm| {
-            let zelf = Self::number_downcast(number);
-            Ok(zelf.value.is_zero())
+            Self::number_downcast(number)
+                .value
+                .clone()
+                .neg()
+                .to_pyresult(vm)
         }),
+        positive: Some(|number, vm| Ok(Self::np_int(number, vm).into())),
+        absolute: Some(|number, vm| Self::number_downcast(number).value.abs().to_pyresult(vm)),
+        boolean: Some(|number, _vm| Ok(Self::number_downcast(number).value.is_zero())),
         invert: Some(|number, vm| {
-            let zelf = Self::number_downcast(number);
-            Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(!&zelf.value).into())
+            let value = Self::number_downcast(number).value.clone();
+            (!value).to_pyresult(vm)
         }),
-        lshift: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "<<", vm)?;
-            inner_lshift(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
-        }),
-        rshift: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, ">>", vm)?;
-            inner_rshift(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
-        }),
-        and: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "&", |a, b| a & b, vm)
-        }),
-        xor: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "^", |a, b| a ^ b, vm)
-        }),
-        or: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            Self::number_protocol_binop(number, other, "|", |a, b| a | b, vm)
-        }),
-        int: Some(|number, other| Ok(Self::number_protocol_int(number, other))),
+        lshift: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_lshift, vm)),
+        rshift: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_rshift, vm)),
+        and: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a & b, vm)),
+        xor: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a ^ b, vm)),
+        or: Some(|number, other, vm| Self::np_int_op(number, other, |a, b| a | b, vm)),
+        int: Some(|number, other| Ok(Self::np_int(number, other))),
         float: Some(|number, vm| {
-            let zelf = number
-                .obj
-                .downcast_ref::<Self>()
-                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("an integer is required".to_owned()))?;
+            let zelf = Self::number_downcast(number);
             try_to_float(&zelf.value, vm).map(|x| vm.ctx.new_float(x))
         }),
         floor_divide: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "//", vm)?;
-            inner_floordiv(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
+            Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_floordiv, vm)
         }),
         true_divide: Some(|number, other, vm| {
-            let (a, b) = Self::downcast_or_binop_error(number, other, "/", vm)?;
-            inner_truediv(&a.value, &b.value, vm)
+            Self::np_general_op(number, other, inner_truediv, vm)
         }),
-        index: Some(|number, vm| Ok(Self::number_protocol_int(number, vm))),
+        index: Some(|number, vm| Ok(Self::np_int(number, vm))),
         ..*PyNumberMethods::not_implemented()
     };
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/number.rs b/vm/src/function/number.rs
index 96ff57827..62922c85b 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/number.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{protocol::PyNumber, AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 
@@ -82,9 +82,7 @@ impl Deref for ArgIntoFloat {
 impl TryFromObject for ArgIntoFloat {
     // Equivalent to PyFloat_AsDouble.
     fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let value = obj.try_to_f64(vm)?.ok_or_else(|| {
-            vm.new_type_error(format!("must be real number, not {}", obj.class().name()))
-        })?;
+        let value = PyNumber::from(obj.as_ref()).float(vm)?.to_f64();
         Ok(ArgIntoFloat { value })
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 160f4cd43..68b575c55 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -125,8 +125,13 @@ impl PyNumber<'_> {
             let ret = f(self, vm)?;
             if !ret.class().is(PyInt::class(vm)) {
                 warnings::warn(
-                    vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning.clone(),
-                    format!("__int__ returned non-int (type {})", ret.class()),
+                    vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning,
+                    format!(
+                        "__int__ returned non-int (type {}).  \
+                The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int \
+                is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                        ret.class()
+                    ),
                     1,
                     vm,
                 )?
@@ -134,7 +139,9 @@ impl PyNumber<'_> {
             Ok(ret)
         } else if self.methods(vm).index.is_some() {
             self.index(vm)
-        } else if let Ok(Ok(f)) = vm.get_special_method(self.obj.to_owned(), "__trunc__") {
+        } else if let Ok(Ok(f)) =
+            vm.get_special_method(self.obj.to_owned(), identifier!(vm, __trunc__))
+        {
             // TODO: Deprecate in 3.11
             // warnings::warn(
             //     vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning.clone(),
@@ -173,8 +180,13 @@ impl PyNumber<'_> {
             let ret = f(self, vm)?;
             if !ret.class().is(PyInt::class(vm)) {
                 warnings::warn(
-                    vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning.clone(),
-                    format!("__index__ returned non-int (type {})", ret.class()),
+                    vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning,
+                    format!(
+                        "__index__ returned non-int (type {}).  \
+                The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int \
+                is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                        ret.class()
+                    ),
                     1,
                     vm,
                 )?
@@ -187,6 +199,46 @@ impl PyNumber<'_> {
             )))
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn float_opt(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyRef<PyFloat>>> {
+        if self.obj.class().is(PyFloat::class(vm)) {
+            Ok(Some(unsafe {
+                self.obj.to_owned().downcast_unchecked::<PyFloat>()
+            }))
+        } else if let Some(f) = self.methods(vm).float {
+            let ret = f(self, vm)?;
+            if !ret.class().is(PyFloat::class(vm)) {
+                warnings::warn(
+                    vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning,
+                    format!(
+                        "__float__ returned non-float (type {}).  \
+                The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of float \
+                is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                        ret.class()
+                    ),
+                    1,
+                    vm,
+                )?;
+                Ok(Some(vm.ctx.new_float(ret.to_f64())))
+            } else {
+                Ok(Some(ret))
+            }
+        } else if self.methods(vm).index.is_some() {
+            let i = self.index(vm)?;
+            let value = int::try_to_float(i.as_bigint(), vm)?;
+            Ok(Some(vm.ctx.new_float(value)))
+        } else if let Some(value) = self.obj.downcast_ref::<PyFloat>() {
+            Ok(Some(vm.ctx.new_float(value.to_f64())))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn float(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<PyFloat>> {
+        self.float_opt(vm)?.ok_or_else(|| {
+            vm.new_type_error(format!("must be real number, not {}", self.obj.class()))
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 const NOT_IMPLEMENTED: PyNumberMethods = PyNumberMethods {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
index e9b5f30ef..4bf14ef22 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 pub(crate) use _warnings::make_module;
 
-use crate::{builtins::PyTypeRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{builtins::PyType, Py, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
 pub fn warn(
-    category: PyTypeRef,
+    category: &Py<PyType>,
     message: String,
     stack_level: usize,
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub fn warn(
     // TODO
     if let Ok(module) = vm.import("warnings", None, 0) {
         if let Ok(func) = module.get_attr("warn", vm) {
-            let _ = vm.invoke(&func, (message, category, stack_level));
+            let _ = vm.invoke(&func, (message, category.to_owned(), stack_level));
         }
     }
     Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 3811f0c97..0ca434398 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::common::{hash::PyHash, lock::PyRwLock};
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{PyInt, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
+    builtins::{PyFloat, PyInt, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
     bytecode::ComparisonOperator,
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     function::Either,
@@ -340,29 +340,41 @@ fn as_sequence_generic(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'static PySeque
     static_as_sequence_generic(has_length, has_ass_item)
 }
 
-fn as_number_wrapper(zelf: &PyObject, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Cow<'static, PyNumberMethods> {
+fn as_number_wrapper(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Cow<'static, PyNumberMethods> {
     Cow::Owned(PyNumberMethods {
-        int: then_some_closure!(zelf.class().has_attr("__int__"), |num, vm| {
-            let ret = vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), "__int__", ())?;
-            ret.downcast::<PyInt>().map_err(|obj| {
-                vm.new_type_error(format!("__int__ returned non-int (type {})", obj.class()))
-            })
-        }),
-        float: then_some_closure!(zelf.class().has_attr("__float__"), |num, vm| {
-            let ret = vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), "__float__", ())?;
-            ret.downcast::<PyFloat>().map_err(|obj| {
-                vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                    "__float__ returned non-float (type {})",
-                    obj.class()
-                ))
-            })
-        }),
-        index: then_some_closure!(zelf.class().has_attr("__index__"), |num, vm| {
-            let ret = vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), "__index__", ())?;
-            ret.downcast::<PyInt>().map_err(|obj| {
-                vm.new_type_error(format!("__index__ returned non-int (type {})", obj.class()))
-            })
-        }),
+        int: then_some_closure!(
+            zelf.class().has_attr(identifier!(vm, __int__)),
+            |num, vm| {
+                let ret =
+                    vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), identifier!(vm, __int__), ())?;
+                ret.downcast::<PyInt>().map_err(|obj| {
+                    vm.new_type_error(format!("__int__ returned non-int (type {})", obj.class()))
+                })
+            }
+        ),
+        float: then_some_closure!(
+            zelf.class().has_attr(identifier!(vm, __float__)),
+            |num, vm| {
+                let ret =
+                    vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), identifier!(vm, __float__), ())?;
+                ret.downcast::<PyFloat>().map_err(|obj| {
+                    vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                        "__float__ returned non-float (type {})",
+                        obj.class()
+                    ))
+                })
+            }
+        ),
+        index: then_some_closure!(
+            zelf.class().has_attr(identifier!(vm, __index__)),
+            |num, vm| {
+                let ret =
+                    vm.call_special_method(num.obj.to_owned(), identifier!(vm, __index__), ())?;
+                ret.downcast::<PyInt>().map_err(|obj| {
+                    vm.new_type_error(format!("__index__ returned non-int (type {})", obj.class()))
+                })
+            }
+        ),
         ..*PyNumberMethods::not_implemented()
     })
 }
@@ -1035,25 +1047,7 @@ pub trait AsNumber: PyPayload {
     fn as_number(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Cow<'static, PyNumberMethods>;
 
     fn number_downcast<'a>(number: &'a PyNumber) -> &'a Py<Self> {
-        unsafe { number.obj.downcast_unchecked_ref::<Self>() }
-    }
-
-    fn downcast_or_binop_error<'a, 'b>(
-        a: &'a PyNumber,
-        b: &'b PyObject,
-        op: &str,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<(&'a Self, &'b Self)> {
-        if let (Some(a), Some(b)) = (a.obj.payload::<Self>(), b.payload::<Self>()) {
-            Ok((a, b))
-        } else {
-            Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "unsupported operand type(s) for {}: '{}' and '{}'",
-                op,
-                a.obj.class(),
-                b.class()
-            )))
-        }
+        unsafe { number.obj.downcast_unchecked_ref() }
     }
 }